![]() The model postulates a positive feedback regulation of comK gene expression once ComK levels stochastically surpass a critical threshold (Fig. The master regulator of the switch from vegetative to competent cells is the TF ComK 11, 12. ![]() subtilis can take up DNA from the medium 11, 29. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis bacteria utilize long-range allostery in a stochastic and reversible phenotype switch (Fig. ![]() Whether natural promoters evolved to efficiently transmit allosteric signals across many nanometres remained largely unclear. Yet, most insights on DNA-mediated allostery upon transcription factor (TF) binding were either based on artificial promoters 14, 28 or found to be short-ranged 19, 20, 25. ![]() The past decades have seen growing evidence that allostery is also an inherent property of DNA 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, which has far reaching consequences for our understanding of promoter sequences. The resulting cooperativity regulates the activity of many proteins and molecular machines 6, 7, 8, but it is also key for the behaviour of genetic circuits with binary 9, oscillatory 10, excitable 11, 12, or pulsing 13 dynamics. Binding of a ligand to one site facilitates or hampers the binding of a second ligand to a distant site 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Allostery is the structural coupling between ligand sites in biomolecules.
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